The late 19th century is the time when East Asia was integrated into the Euro-centric modern world. This accompanied the spatial transformation from the hua/yi system to the nation-state system, which demarcates independent states by clear borders.

The transition most affected the Ryûkyû Kingdom that was the tributary state of China since the 14th century. Although the Edo Bakufu, the government of the Tokugawa Shogunate, recognized the Ryûkyû Kingdom's subordination to the Shimazu Domain, it did not consider the Ryûkyû Islands to be an integral part of its territory. Early modern Japan had an isolationist policy and never felt an urgent need to clarify the borders between Japan and its neighboring countries.

However, the international climate compelled the newly established Meiji government to reconsider the status of the Ryûkyû Kingdom. Though the region had been dominated by a Sinocentric world order for centuries, it eventually yielded to pressured from the Western powers to adopt the nation-state system. Accordingly, the Meiji government decided to end the Ryûkyû Kingdom's tributary relationship with Qing China and formally annex it to Japan in 1879. Even though the Ryûkyû Islands were incorporated into the Japanese nation, today these acts are considered the first step in Japanese imperial expansion.

The Japanese annexation of the Ryûkyû Islands put the Sino-Japanese relationship bad mood. Besides, the shizoku (the former ruling class) were indignant at the sudden change and tried to restore the previous regime by getting support from the Qing government. Hence, while the Japanese government made a good effort of preventing the conflict with China, a great part of the existing Ryûkyû systems and institutions were preserved so as to smooth over the shizoku group's oppositions and resistances. The Ryûkyû Islands was indeed placed in the liminal position until after the Japanese victory over the Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895).