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• 1 2019-12-04T19:03:46-05:00 Glass Plates and the Transfer From Nagasaki to Fukui 37 plain 2020-11-12T15:58:57-05:00 Maren Ehlers Both before and after the vaccine's successful importation to Japan, physicians pondered the best way of transporting it over long distances. Kasahara Hakuō, town doctor in Fukui domain, developed a special glass container to facilitate importation of the vaccine from abroad. Perhaps he had been influenced by European precedents; in 1803, for example, a Spanish physician proposed similar glass containers for overseas transports [Martha Few, "Circulating Smallpox Knowledge," p. 534]. In both 1847 and 1848, Hakuō petitioned the shogunate through the lord of his domain for permission to bring the vaccine to Japan. But unlike his colleague Narabayashi Sōken in Saga, who was working with the Dutch trading company, he decided to request an import from China. The distance from the Chinese coast was much shorter than from Batavia, and smallpox vaccinations were already well established in some Chinese coastal cities, where they coexisted with variolation. But Hakuō's plan became moot when in 1849, Narabayashi Sōken received a viable shipment of scabs from the Dutch, shortly before the Chinese delivery was expected to arrive.  
  Upon learning that the vaccine had arrived in Nagasaki, Hakuō immediately left Fukui to travel to western Japan. But by the time he reached Kyoto, he found that his teacher Hino Teisai had already received a shipment of bottled scabs from Egawa Shirōhachi, an interpreter in Nagasaki who was involved in Hakuō’s plan and had obtained vaccines originating from the Batavia transmission. Using one of these scabs, Hino Teisai had vaccinated several children in Kyoto. Hakuō thus stayed in Kyoto for about two months and helped Teisai set up his vaccination clinic. In the 11th month he finally prepared for the transfer to Fukui. 
  
  Only one of eight scabs Teisai had received from Shirōhachi had been viable. To improve the chances of success, Hakuō thus decided to use two vehicles at once: his self-designed glass container, and children's bodies as a back-up. 
  
  Kasahara Hakuō had developed the glass container together with Kiriyama Genchū, a fellow pupil of Hino Teisai's, specifically for the planned importation from China. In a document attached to one of his petitions to the lord of Fukui, he described how to extract the lymph from a ripe pock using a lancet, place the lymph into an molded glass plate, cover it with a matching flat glass plate, label it, and fasten the two plates with a piece of silk thread. He recommended carrying the container inside one's clothing to keep it warm. His proposal recommended that the authorities should have six or seven sets of these containers manufactured in one of Japan's large cities because Hakuō had heard that glass production was not very advanced in the Qing empire [Fukui-ken igakushi, p. 171-175]. It is unknown whether such containers were eventually sent to China by the governor of Nagasaki, but Hakuō used them to bring the vaccine from Kyoto to Fukui early in the winter of 1849.  
  
  To read about Hakuō's sharing of the vaccine with physicians in Osaka while in Kyoto, click here. To read more about vehicles and the transfer to Fukui, stay on this pathway.